Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks its own central nervous system. This results in a thinning of the myelin sheath that surrounds the nerves. The chemical treatments for MS are generally designed to reduce the frequency or severity of attacks. They may accomplish these objectives through several different specific mechanisms.
Instructions
1. Use formulations of interferon to reduce the number of flare-ups and slow the rate of progression for MS. Interferon beta-1a (Avonex and Rebif) and beta-1b (Betaseron) can be highly effective but can also cause flu-like symptoms.
2. Inject glatiramer (Copaxone) under the skin. This immunosuppressant is primarily used to treat secondary progressive MS (SPMS) and has side effects that include anxiety, breathlessness, flushing and heart palpitations. These side effects are most common within a half hour after injection.
3. Administer mitoxantrone (Novantrone) once every three months to treat SPMS. This immunosuppressant may be the most effective treatment for MS but it's also severely cardiotoxic, meaning that it can cause congestive heart failure. Mitoxantrone should not be used continuously for more than a few years.
4. Prescribe natalizumab (Tysabri) once per month in limited cases to reduce the relapse rate of MS. The primary disadvantage of this drug is the risk of developing a neurological disorder.
5. Use additional types of drugs to treat progressive MS. Corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce the inflammation and flare-ups of MS and may be given orally or intravenously. Muscle relaxants such as baclofen (Lioresal) and tizanidine (Zanaflex) may be given orally to treat spasms, especially in the legs. Various stimulants may be used to treat the fatigue associated with MS.
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